Exploring the Current Status of Groundwater Resources in Herat City, Afghanistan: An In-depth Analysis

Abstract

Groundwater depletion and pollution pose significant challenges to water security in Herat City, Afghanistan. Utilizing data collected from monitoring and research wells up to March 2023, this study assesses the static water levels and quality parameters across various regions. The analysis reveals a consistent decline in groundwater levels from 2015 to 2022, with reductions exceeding 10% in some areas. Additionally, water quality assessments based on WHO standards highlight elevated levels of electrical conductivity, salinity, and pH, indicating contamination and unsuitability for consumption and irrigation. Salinity levels in certain wells exceed recommended limits, reaching up to 1400 mg/L. Moreover, increased pH levels suggest pollutant infiltration from agricultural and wastewater sources. To address these challenges, sustainable management strategies are proposed, including centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment, standardized irrigation practices, and the promotion of responsible water usage. Collaboration among stakeholders and robust governance frameworks are essential for implementing these measures and ensuring long-term groundwater sustainability in Herat City. Continuous monitoring of water quantity alongside quality is emphasized to track progress and adjust strategies accordingly, safeguarding the availability and quality of groundwater resources. The outcome underscores the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to safeguard public health and secure access to safe drinking water in Herat City, Afghanistan.