Konya'da 4. Gecekondu Önleme Bölgesi: Kentsel Konut Çevresi Olarak Cumhuriyet ve Binkonut Mahallelerinin Oluşumu ve Sürdürülebilirliği

Abstract

21. yüzyıl ekonomik koşullarına koşut olarak özellikle son dönemde gözlemlenen hızlı ve büyük boyutta konut üretimi karşısında Türkiye’de sürdürülebilir konut çevrelerinin oluşumuna gerek planlama ve mimari açıdan gerekse örgütlenme modeli açısından farklı yaklaşımların tartışılması gerekliliği bulunmaktadır. Ülkemizde konut alanlarının planlamasında kentsel tasarım sürecinin bütüncül olarak ele alınmaması, yapılı çevrenin sosyal bir model olmaksızın gerçekleşmesi, bu eksikliklerin kentsel mekân kalitesi açıdan yetersiz konut çevrelerine yol açması çalışmanın temel problemi olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Konya’da 1970’lerde 775 Sayılı Gecekondu Önleme Kanunu uyarınca, Konya Planı müellifi Yavuz Taşçı tarafından bir gecekondu önleme bölgesi olarak planlanmış olan 4 No’lu Gecekondu Önleme Bölgesi’ni oluşturan Cumhuriyet ve Binkonut Mahalleleri konu alınmaktadır. Konya Belediyesi’nin yönetiminde, dar gelirli işçi ve memur kesiminin konut ihtiyacını karşılamaya yönelik olarak kooperatifler eliyle yapımı gerçekleştirilmiş olan bu mahallelerin planlama ve oluşum süreci incelenmekte, kent planlama kapsamında geliştirilmiş olan kentsel tasarım değerleri incelenmektedir. Günümüzde kentle mekânsal olarak bütünleşmiş ve kendi içinde toplumsal bütünleşmesiyle bugüne kadar kimliğini koruyan Cumhuriyet ve Binkonut Mahallelerinin içerdiği kentsel mekânsal değerler çözümlenerek gelecekte konut çevrelerinin tasarımında örnek oluşturabilecek değerlerinin ortaya koyulması hedeflenmektedir. Araştırma kapsamında, çalışma alanının geçmişine yönelik yapılan arşiv araştırmalarından elde edilen kent planları ve resmi yazışmalar esas alınmış, farklı ölçeklerde kent planları çözümlenmiştir. Ayrıca yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerle alanın kuruluşunda yer alan yönetsel aktörler, teknik uzmanlar, konutların projelerini gerçekleştiren mimarlar ve kuruluşundan bu yana bölgede yerleşim sağlayan kullanıcılarla yapılan sözlü görüşmelerden elde edilen bilgiler üzerinden bölgenin gelişiminde uygulanan katılımcı süreç ve bu mahallelerde yaşayanların alanla ilgili değerlendirmeleri alınmıştır.

The large quantity of housing produced in the last decades, depending on the economic conditions of the 21st century, brings along however, problems of livability and sustainability of the housing environments in Turkey, both in terms of planning and architecture, and in terms of organizational model. The fact that urban design process is not considered holistically in the planning of the residential areas lead to inadequate housing environments in terms of urban space quality and so cial equity. The present paper focuses on the formation and sustainability of Cumhuriyet and Binkonut Neighborhoods that were planned as the 4th Slum Prevention Zone in Konya within the planning process of the city in the 1970s, and implemented by the housing cooperatives under the guidance of the Municipality of Konya. Based on the archieval documents and plans, and interviews held with the actors and inhabitants of these neighborhoods, the urban planning and implementation processes of this housing area are examined with a particular focus on the urban design principles and social model adopted. These neighborhoods that were formed according to a holistic urban design reveal an open city based planning approach. The housin areas were organized in neighborhood units from the beginning of the planning process. The spatial analysis of these neighborhoods reveals the existence of an urban design scheme, in which the segregation of the pedestrian from motorized circulation, the continuity of green corridors integrated with social facilities, organization of urban blocks in neighborhoods and housing clusters are features that were carefully designed. The organization of housing cooperatives in the formation of these neighborhoods, has played a considerable role in the social integration. With the housing cooperatives established in this direction, it was aimed that low-income families who did not own a house before, could acquire a house. It has been observed that a participatory process from the planning stage to the architectural design and finally to the building process of the housing operated in the slum prevention zone, has created strong neighborhood relations, as well as a sense of belonging and safety. In this paper, it is argued that Cumhuriyet and Binkonut neighborhoods that have been integrated with the rest of the city, constitute an example of sustainable and livable housing environment in terms ofthe quality of the urban spaces and social integration. Despite their quality as a physical and social environment, however, these neighborhoods are faced with the risk of urban renewal today, due to their central location and low building density. The findings of the research show that the urban decisions taken as a basis for the planning and implementation, and the environmental design principles targeted by the holistic urban design project have resultedin a successful residential environment in terms of spatial quality and social integration. The segregation of the pedestrian circulation from the vehicle traffic, hierarchy of the road system, the continuity of the pedestrian alleys, the formation of cul-de-sacs that end with car parks have formed a secure environment for its inhabitants. The integrated design of public green spaces and social facilities that are connected to housing clusters playgrounds and green areas placed in the middle of each housing clusters ensured the formation of qualified urban spaces and enabled their active use by the inhbitants. These spatial features have been the main factors that have been effective in the formation of a successful neighborhood structure and its borders, legible neighborhood units within an open city district. Documentation of this residential environment, which was planned and implemented in the last quarter of the 20th century, that shaped a qualified and socially equitable housing environment in terms of both planning and implementation is under the pressure of urban transformation due to its relatively low density. In this present study, besides contributing to the literature of urban design and social housing history in Turkey, it is aimed to reveal the urban design features and the social organization model that gave way to a successful housing environment. In addition to contributing to the city, Cumhuriyet and Binkonut neighborhoods, which form an open urban district that integrates with the city, are thought to set an example in the design of residential environments in the future with the social integration and spatial values provided by the participatory formation process.