Review of Scanning and Pixel Array-Based LiDAR Point-Cloud Measurement Techniques to Capture 3D Shape or Motion

Abstract

Developments in light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology have brought innovations in three-dimensional (3D) measurement. After mechanical laser scanners were introduced in the 1990s, the speed and point density of LiDAR measurements have increased considerably with the developments in photon imagers. On the other hand, lightweight and small-size LiDAR sensors and their integrated use with other related sensors have made the use of LiDAR widespread for mapping and navigation purposes on mobile platforms. Matrix imaging LiDAR cameras and solid-state laser scanners have no or fewer moving parts for measurement, and are unaffected by vibrations. They are usually used in mobile mapping, driverless vehicle navigation, and mobile robot navigation. Pulse or phase-shift methods are used to measure the distance from the LiDAR instrument to the scan point. The measured scan point direction is determined by the orientation angles of the beam in scanners, focal length, and pixel positions in matrix viewers, and instrument-centered 3D coordinates are calculated. LiDAR tools have their own specific capabilities and limitations. Therefore, the selection of the appropriate LiDAR for any application is very important. In this study, after LiDAR principles are introduced, scanning LiDAR and pixel-based matrix imager LiDAR methods used to measure 3D point clouds are technically examined and analyzed.