Identifying anthropogenic and natural causes of wildfires by maximum entropy method-based ignition susceptibility distribution models

Abstract

Turkey has a high potential for wildfires along its Mediterranean coast because of its dense forest cover and mild climate. An average of 250 wildfires occurs every year with more than 10,000 hectares destroyed due to natural and human-related causes. The study area is sensitive to fires caused by lightning, stubble burning, discarded cigarette butts, electric arcing from power lines, deliberate fire setting, and traffic accidents. However, 52% of causes could not be identified due to intense wildfires occurring at the same time and insufficient equipment and personnel. Since wildfires destroy forest cover, ecosystems, biodiversity, and habitats, they should be spatially evaluated by separating them according to their causes, considering environmental, climatic, topographic and forest structure variables that trigger wildfires. In this study, wildfires caused by lightning, the burning of agriculture stubble, discarded cigarette butts and power lines were investigated in the provinces of Aydin, Mugla and Antalya, where 22% of Turkey's wildfires occurred. The MaxEnt method was used to determine the spatial distribution of wildfires to identify risk zones for each cause. Wildfires were used as the species distribution and the probability of their occurrence estimated. Additionally, since the causes of many wildfires are unknown, determining the causes is important for fire prediction and prevention. The highest wildfire occurrence risks were 9.7% for stubble burning, 30.2% for lightning, 4.5% for power lines and 16.9% by discarded cigarette butts. In total, 1,266 of the 1,714 unknown wildfire causes were identified by the analysis of the cause-based risk zones and these were updated by including cause-assigned unknown wildfire locations for verification. As a result, the Area under the ROC Curve (AUC) values were increased for susceptibility maps.