Soğuk Dövme İşleminde İş Parçası Yüzey İşlemleri ve Kaplama Türünün Şekillendirilebilirliğe Etkisinin Araştırılması
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2025
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Sürtünme, deformasyon esnasındaki malzeme akışını, iş parçası üzerindeki gerilme ve gerinim dağılımını, şekillendirme yükünü ve bunların neticesinde takım ve kalıp ömrünü doğrudan etkilediği için metal şekil verme operasyonlarında büyük önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada otomotiv akslarında kullanılan aks lalelerinin soğuk dövme öncesi yapılan yüzey işlemleri, kaplamalar ve yağlayıcıların sürtünmeyle birlikte şekillendirilebilirliğe etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda soğuk dövme işlemlerinde kullanılan yağlayıcıların ve kaplamaların prosese olan etkileri ile öncesinde yapılan kumlama işleminin etkileri incelenmiştir. Aks lalesinin soğuk dövme operasyonunda sürtünmenin artması ile iş parçası yüzey kalitesi bozulmakta ve kılcal çatlaklar görülmektedir. Bu da ürün emniyeti açısından risk teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmada kalıp ve iş parçası yüzeyleri arasındaki sürtünmeyi etkileyen yüzey işlemleri, kaplamalar ve yağlayıcıların sürtünme katsayına etkileri deneysel olarak incelenmiş ve bu süreç için en uygun yüzey işlemi, kaplama, yağlama koşulları araştırılmıştır. Kaplamaların ve yağlayıcıların Kolomb sürtünme katsayıları ölçülmüş, aşınma derinlikleri ve genişlikleri kıyaslanmıştır. Kaplama yapılan numunelerin SEM ve EDS analizleri yapılarak kaplamayı oluşturan elementlerin yüzeydeki dağılımları ve kütle oranları incelenmiştir. Simufact Forming yazılımı kullanılarak 6 farklı kayma sürtünme katsayısı ve 8 farklı ekstrüzyon oranı ile simülasyonlar yapılıp kalibrasyon eğrileri oluşturulmuştur. DCET testlerinde ileri ve geri ekstrüzyon oranları hesaplanarak kaplama ve yağlayıcıların kalibrasyon eğrisi içerisindeki konumları belirlenmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlara göre testler bu kez otomotiv aks lalesi üzerinde denenmiştir. İlk etapta sonlu elemanlar yazılımı kullanılarak farklı kayma sürtünme katsayısında aks lalesine ait simülasyonlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise ürünün soğuk dövme işlemi gerçekleştirilerek simülasyon sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre sabun kaplama olmadan yapılan kaplamalarda 0,6 civarında olan sürtünme katsayısının, sabun ile yapılan kaplamalar neticesinde 0,18 değerine kadar düştüğü belirlenmiştir. Yeni nesil kaplamalar ile sürtünme katsayısı 0,12 değerine kadar azalmıştır. Simülasyon sonuçlarından 'm' kayma sürtünme değeri 0.02 ile 0.025 arasında elde edilirken DCET testinde 'm' değeri 0.022 elde edilmiş, böylece simülasyon sonuçları, deney sonuçları ile doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca deneysel sonuçlardan çıkan sürtünme katsayısı değeri ile aks lalesinin soğuk dövülmesinden elde edilen sonuçların birbiriyle uyum içinde olduğu görülmüştür.
Friction is of great importance in metal forming operations as it directly affects the material flow during deformation, the stress and strain distribution on the workpiece, the forming load and as a result, the tool and die life. In the study, the effects of surface treatments, coatings and lubricants applied before cold forging of axle tulips used in automotive axles on formability together with friction were investigated. In this context, the effects of lubricants and coatings used in cold forging processes on the process and the effects of the sandblasting process performed before were investigated. With the increase in friction in the cold forging operation of the axle tulip, the surface quality of the workpiece deteriorates, and hairline cracks are observed. This poses a risk in terms of product safety. In the study, the effects of surface treatments, coatings and lubricants affecting the friction between the mold and workpiece surfaces on the friction coefficient were investigated experimentally and the most suitable surface treatment, coating and lubrication conditions for this process were investigated. The Columbian friction coefficients of coatings and lubricants were measured, and wear depths and widths were compared. SEM and EDS analyses of the coated samples were performed to examine the distribution of the elements forming the coating on the surface and their mass ratios. Simufact Forming software was used to create simulations with 6 different shear friction coefficients and 8 different extrusion ratios and to create calibration curves. In DCET tests, forward and reverse extrusion ratios were calculated and the positions of the coating and lubricants within the calibration curve were determined. According to the results obtained from the experimental studies, the tests were tested on the automotive axle tulip this time. In the first stage, simulations of the axle tulip were performed at different shear friction coefficients using finite element software. In the second stage, the cold forging process of the product was performed and compared with the simulation results. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the friction coefficient, which was around 0.6 in coatings made without soap coating, decreased to 0.18 because of coatings made with soap. The friction coefficient decreased to 0.12 with new generation coatings. While the shear friction value 'm' was obtained between 0.02 and 0.025 from the simulation results, the 'm' value was obtained as 0.022 in the DCET test, thus the simulation results were confirmed with the experimental results. In addition, it was seen that the shear friction value obtained from the experimental results and the results obtained from the cold forging of the axle tulip agreed with each other.
Friction is of great importance in metal forming operations as it directly affects the material flow during deformation, the stress and strain distribution on the workpiece, the forming load and as a result, the tool and die life. In the study, the effects of surface treatments, coatings and lubricants applied before cold forging of axle tulips used in automotive axles on formability together with friction were investigated. In this context, the effects of lubricants and coatings used in cold forging processes on the process and the effects of the sandblasting process performed before were investigated. With the increase in friction in the cold forging operation of the axle tulip, the surface quality of the workpiece deteriorates, and hairline cracks are observed. This poses a risk in terms of product safety. In the study, the effects of surface treatments, coatings and lubricants affecting the friction between the mold and workpiece surfaces on the friction coefficient were investigated experimentally and the most suitable surface treatment, coating and lubrication conditions for this process were investigated. The Columbian friction coefficients of coatings and lubricants were measured, and wear depths and widths were compared. SEM and EDS analyses of the coated samples were performed to examine the distribution of the elements forming the coating on the surface and their mass ratios. Simufact Forming software was used to create simulations with 6 different shear friction coefficients and 8 different extrusion ratios and to create calibration curves. In DCET tests, forward and reverse extrusion ratios were calculated and the positions of the coating and lubricants within the calibration curve were determined. According to the results obtained from the experimental studies, the tests were tested on the automotive axle tulip this time. In the first stage, simulations of the axle tulip were performed at different shear friction coefficients using finite element software. In the second stage, the cold forging process of the product was performed and compared with the simulation results. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the friction coefficient, which was around 0.6 in coatings made without soap coating, decreased to 0.18 because of coatings made with soap. The friction coefficient decreased to 0.12 with new generation coatings. While the shear friction value 'm' was obtained between 0.02 and 0.025 from the simulation results, the 'm' value was obtained as 0.022 in the DCET test, thus the simulation results were confirmed with the experimental results. In addition, it was seen that the shear friction value obtained from the experimental results and the results obtained from the cold forging of the axle tulip agreed with each other.
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Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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