Elektrikli Araç Şarj Cihazlarında Kullanılan Tek Fazlı Aktif Doğrultucuların Şebekeye Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması
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2021
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Konya Teknik Üniversitesi
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Artan çevre kirliliği problemleri ulaşım sektöründe temiz enerji kullanımını gerektirmiş ve bu şekilde elektrikli araçlar son yılların önemli bir çalışma konusu olmuştur. Elektrikli araç teknolojisinde en kritik çalışma alanlarından biri ise elektrik enerjisinin depo edildiği bataryaların tasarımı ve şarj işlemidir. Herhangi bir e-bisiklet, e-scooter, elektrikli engelli aracı ya da elektrikli otomobil gibi bir elektrikli taşıt bataryasının şarj işlemi en kısa sürede ve en sağlıklı şekilde gerçekleştirilmelidir. Ancak çeşitli güç dönüştürücüleri içeren batarya şarj modülü, şarj işlemi esnasında nonlinear bir yük gibi davranarak şebekede bazı bozucu etkiler oluşturur. Bu bozucu etkilerin başında düşük güç faktörü ve şebeke akımında meydana gelen yüksek harmonik bozulmalar gelir. Güç dönüştürücü devrelerinin sebep olduğu bu bozucu etkiler, yine güç dönüştürücü devreleri üzerinde yapılan değişiklerle çözüme kavuşturulur. Aktif PFC'li (Power Factor Correction) doğrultucu devrelerinin kullanılması bu çözümlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada elektrikli araç bataryalarının şarj işlemi esnasında bağlı olduğu şebeke tarafında oluşturduğu problemlere değinilmiştir. Şebekeden alınan gerilimin doğrultulması ve regülasyonu olmak üzere iki aşamadan oluşan şarj işleminin doğrultma aşaması için, tek fazlı aktif güç faktörü düzeltmeli doğrultucu yapıları tanıtılmıştır. Klasik Boost PFC, İnterleaved Boost PFC, Köprüsüz PFC aktif doğrultucu devreleri 220 V etkin şebeke gerilimi, 1kW çıkış gücü, 400 V çıkış gerilimi değerlerinde PSIM programında simüle edilmiştir. Bu üç dönüştürücü güç faktörü değeri, giriş akımı harmonik içeriği ve verim bakımından birbirleriyle kıyaslanmıştır. Üç dönüştürücü de güç faktörü bakımından ideale yakın sonuçlar vermiştir. En yüksek güç faktörü değeri ve en düşük harmonik içerik İnterleaved Boost PFC devresi ile elde edilmiştir. Beklenildiği üzere en verimli dönüştürücü, diğer dönüştürücülere göre verimi yaklaşık %1 oranında artıran Köprüsüz PFC olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar ışığında devre topolojisi tercihinin çalışılacak güç seviyesine göre maliyet ve kontrol zorluğu konuları dikkate alınarak belirlenmesi gerektiği görülmüştür.
Increasing environmental pollution problems have required the use of clean energy in the transportation sector, and in this way, electric vehicles have been an important subject of study in recent years. One of the most critical working areas in electric vehicle technology is the design and charging processes of batteries where electrical energy is stored. The charging process of an electric vehicle battery such as any e-bike, e-scooter, electric handicapped vehicle or electric car should be carried out as soon as possible and in the healthiest way. However, the battery charging module, which includes various power converters, acts as a nonlinear load during the charging process and creates some disruptive effects on the grid. At the beginning of these disturbance effects are low power factor and high harmonic distortions in the mains current. These disruptive effects caused by the power converter circuits are solved by the changes made on the power converter circuits. Using rectifier circuits with active PFC (Power Factor Correction) is one of these solutions. In this study, the problems caused by electric vehicle batteries on the grid side to which they are connected during the charging process are mentioned. Single-phase active power factor corrected rectifier structures are introduced for the rectification phase of the charging process, which consists of two stages: rectification and regulation of the voltage received from the grid. Classic Boost PFC, Interleaved Boost PFC, Bridgeless PFC active rectifier circuits are simulated in PSIM program with 220 V active mains voltage, 1kW output power, 400 V output voltage. These three converters are compared with each other in terms of power factor, input current harmonic content and efficiency. All three converters gave near-ideal results in terms of power factor. The highest power factor value and the lowest harmonic content were obtained with the Interleaved Boost PFC circuit. As expected, the most efficient converter was the Bridgeless PFC circuit, which increased the efficiency by about 1% compared to other converters. In the light of these results, it has been seen that the choice of circuit topology should be determined according to the power level to be studied, considering the cost and control difficulty issues.
Increasing environmental pollution problems have required the use of clean energy in the transportation sector, and in this way, electric vehicles have been an important subject of study in recent years. One of the most critical working areas in electric vehicle technology is the design and charging processes of batteries where electrical energy is stored. The charging process of an electric vehicle battery such as any e-bike, e-scooter, electric handicapped vehicle or electric car should be carried out as soon as possible and in the healthiest way. However, the battery charging module, which includes various power converters, acts as a nonlinear load during the charging process and creates some disruptive effects on the grid. At the beginning of these disturbance effects are low power factor and high harmonic distortions in the mains current. These disruptive effects caused by the power converter circuits are solved by the changes made on the power converter circuits. Using rectifier circuits with active PFC (Power Factor Correction) is one of these solutions. In this study, the problems caused by electric vehicle batteries on the grid side to which they are connected during the charging process are mentioned. Single-phase active power factor corrected rectifier structures are introduced for the rectification phase of the charging process, which consists of two stages: rectification and regulation of the voltage received from the grid. Classic Boost PFC, Interleaved Boost PFC, Bridgeless PFC active rectifier circuits are simulated in PSIM program with 220 V active mains voltage, 1kW output power, 400 V output voltage. These three converters are compared with each other in terms of power factor, input current harmonic content and efficiency. All three converters gave near-ideal results in terms of power factor. The highest power factor value and the lowest harmonic content were obtained with the Interleaved Boost PFC circuit. As expected, the most efficient converter was the Bridgeless PFC circuit, which increased the efficiency by about 1% compared to other converters. In the light of these results, it has been seen that the choice of circuit topology should be determined according to the power level to be studied, considering the cost and control difficulty issues.
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Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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