Vadi Geçiş Nivelmanın Doğruluk Araştırması
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2024
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Konya Teknik Üniversitesi
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Günümüz uygulamalarında nokta yükseklikleri veya yükseklik farkları Geometrik, Trigonometrik ve GNSS nivelman teknikleri ile belirlenebilmektedir. Farklı arazi şartlarında nivelman tekniklerinin birbirlerine göre bazı avantaj ve dezavantajları vardır. Bu tez çalışmasında geometrik nivelman tekniğinin özel bir uygulaması olan vadi geçiş nivelmanı ele alındı. Bilindiği üzere geometrik nivelman tekniği özellikle geniş yataklı vadilerde kısa gözleme uzunlukları nedeniyle uygulaması zaman alıcı, pahalı, zor ve birçok model hatalarına açık bir yöntemdir. Bu nedenle vadi geçişlerindeki yükseklik farklarının belirlenmesinde geometrik nivelmanın dezavantajlarını minimuma indirebilmek amacıyla 1960 yılında Carl Zeiss Oberkochen firması tarafından vadi geçiş nivelmanı donanımı geliştirilmiştir. Bu donanım, iki adet Ni2 nivo ve bu nivoların objektifleri önüne takılan ve bu sayede kolimasyon değerleri ile alt ve üst levhalardaki eğim açılarını ölçmeye yarayan bir paralel cam ve mikrometreden oluşmaktadır. Vadi geçiş nivelmanında yükseklik farkları özel ölçme modeli uygulanarak eş zamanlı ve karşılıklı olarak belirlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada seçilen iki uygulama alanında vadi geçiş nivelmanı, geometrik nivelman, dış merkezli trigonometrik nivelman ve GNSS nivelman tekniği ile ölçüler yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Uygulama alanı-1'de vadi geçiş nivelmanı, geometrik nivelman ve karşılıklı, eş zamanlı dış merkezli trigonometrik nivelman ve GNSS nivelman tekniği elde edilen yükseklik farkları sırasıyla ΔHVG=0.04285m, ΔHGN=0.04535m, ΔHTN=0.04366m, ΔHGNNS=0.04428m olarak belirlenmiştir. Uygulama alanı-2'de benzer şekilde yükseklik farkları sırasıyla ΔHVG=0.23540m, ΔHGN=0.24193m, ΔHTN=0.24629m, ΔHGNNS=0.24171m olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu verilere göre özellikle vadi geçişleri ve su geçişleri gibi zorlu arazi şartlarında vadi geçiş nivelmanı tekniğinin uygulanabilir olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
In contemporary practices, point elevations or height differences can be determined using Geometric, Trigonometric, and GNSS leveling techniques. Different terrain conditions present various advantages and disadvantages of leveling techniques relative to each other. This thesis study focused on valley pass leveling, which is a specific application of geometric leveling technique. As it is known, the geometric leveling technique, particularly in wide-bedded valleys, is time-consuming, expensive, challenging, and susceptible to many modeling errors due to short observation lengths. Therefore, to minimize the disadvantages of geometric leveling in determining height differences in valley crossings, valley pass leveling equipment was developed by the Carl Zeiss Oberkochen company in 1960. This equipment consists of two Ni2 levels and a parallel glass and micrometer attached to the objectives of these levels, enabling the measurement of slope angles on lower and upper plates based on collimation values. In valley pass leveling, height differences are determined simultaneously and reciprocally using a special measurement model. In this study, measurements were taken in two selected application areas using valley traverse leveling, geometric leveling, eccentric trigonometric leveling, and GNSS leveling techniques, and the results obtained were compared. As a result, in application area-1, the height differences obtained using valley traverse leveling, geometric leveling, reciprocal simultaneous eccentric trigonometric leveling, and GNSS leveling techniques were determined as ΔHVG=0.04285m, ΔHGN=0.04535m, ΔHTN=0.04366m, and ΔHGNNS=0.04428m, respectively. Similarly, in application area-2, the height differences were determined as ΔHVG=0.23540m, ΔHGN=0.24193m, ΔHTN=0.24629m, and ΔHGNNS=0.24171m, respectively. Based on these data, it was concluded that the valley traverse leveling technique is particularly applicable under challenging terrain conditions such as valley crossings and water crossings.
In contemporary practices, point elevations or height differences can be determined using Geometric, Trigonometric, and GNSS leveling techniques. Different terrain conditions present various advantages and disadvantages of leveling techniques relative to each other. This thesis study focused on valley pass leveling, which is a specific application of geometric leveling technique. As it is known, the geometric leveling technique, particularly in wide-bedded valleys, is time-consuming, expensive, challenging, and susceptible to many modeling errors due to short observation lengths. Therefore, to minimize the disadvantages of geometric leveling in determining height differences in valley crossings, valley pass leveling equipment was developed by the Carl Zeiss Oberkochen company in 1960. This equipment consists of two Ni2 levels and a parallel glass and micrometer attached to the objectives of these levels, enabling the measurement of slope angles on lower and upper plates based on collimation values. In valley pass leveling, height differences are determined simultaneously and reciprocally using a special measurement model. In this study, measurements were taken in two selected application areas using valley traverse leveling, geometric leveling, eccentric trigonometric leveling, and GNSS leveling techniques, and the results obtained were compared. As a result, in application area-1, the height differences obtained using valley traverse leveling, geometric leveling, reciprocal simultaneous eccentric trigonometric leveling, and GNSS leveling techniques were determined as ΔHVG=0.04285m, ΔHGN=0.04535m, ΔHTN=0.04366m, and ΔHGNNS=0.04428m, respectively. Similarly, in application area-2, the height differences were determined as ΔHVG=0.23540m, ΔHGN=0.24193m, ΔHTN=0.24629m, and ΔHGNNS=0.24171m, respectively. Based on these data, it was concluded that the valley traverse leveling technique is particularly applicable under challenging terrain conditions such as valley crossings and water crossings.
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Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri, Geodesy and Photogrammetry
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