Browsing by Author "Korkanç, Mustafa"

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Citation - WoS: 26
Citation - Scopus: 25
An Assessment of Deterioration in Cultural Heritage: the Unique Case of Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument in Konya, Turkey
(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2020) Bozdağ, Ali; İnce, İsmail; Bozdağ, Ayla; Hatır, M. Ergün; Tosunlar, M. Bahadır; Korkanç, Mustafa
Stone monuments are important symbols of cultural heritage of countries. However, many environmental factors negatively affect these monuments. The increasing damage on the stone monuments and the danger of irreversible loss of cultural heritage have resulted in growing efforts for the preservation of the monuments. Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument in Beysehir, Konya, Turkey, is a unique Hittite cultural monument that has survived for nearly 3200 years even though it has been exposed to many environmental effects. In this study, non-destructive testing (NDT) was used to detect the degradation on the building stones of the Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument and change-deterioration maps were prepared subsequently. It was also investigated whether the chemistry of the Eflatunpinar spring water may cause deterioration. Additionally, the petrographic, chemical, and physico-mechanical properties of the rocks taken from the ancient stone quarry were determined in order to compare with the properties of the monument's building stones. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics of the Eflatunpinar spring water and XRD results of crusts in building stone surface of the monument, it was identified that water can be effective on the formation of calcite and gypsum crusts especially in the lower parts of the monument. However, applied NDT methods and change-deterioration maps indicated that the deterioration as well as neglect and abandonment in the monument are mostly associated with the capillary effect of the flowing water through the structure and the deterioration effect is more apparent in contact points between the building stone and the flowing water. Additionally, in the building stones above the capillary front, the conservation condition is significantly better.
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 8
Atmospheric and Anthropogenic Deterioration of the Ivriz Rock Monument: Eregli-Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey
(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2021) Korkanç, Mustafa; İnce, İsmail; Hatır, Mehmet Ergün; Tosunlar, Mehmet Bahadır
The aim of this study is to determine the extent of deterioration of the limestone on which the Ivriz rock monument is engraved. This monument is near Aydinkent (Ivriz) village and located 12 km from the Eregli district of Konya. The height of the Ivriz Hittite monument is 4.20 m and its width is 2.40 m. It dates back to the second-half of the eighth century BC. The rocks on which the reliefs are engraved are limestone; the lower parts are brecciated with open cracks, and the upper parts show fewer cracks with smaller gaps. To enable the identification of the characteristics of the rocks on which the figures are located, non-destructive methods were used. Surface humidity, P wave velocity, thermal imaging, and Schmidt hardness measurement were applied to the wall surface of the monument, and mapping studies were conducted. Surface humidity varied between 26 and 58% with the highest values measured in the sections where the cracks are densest. The P wave velocity measured at the rock monument varied between 1.6 and 5.8 km/s, with the lowest values found in the sections where cracks were denser. Schmidt rebound values varied between 18 and 42, with higher values obtained in those sections with fewer effects of deterioration. According to the detailed observations and data obtained from non-destructive techniques (NDT) and laboratory data, the most significant deterioration has resulted from atmospheric conditions and damage by humans. The most common effects of degradation in this area are erosion by water, granular disintegration, cracks, microkarst, black crust, biodegradation (lichen, algae, and higher plants), and vandalism.
Citation - WoS: 29
Citation - Scopus: 35
The Deep Learning Method Applied To the Detection and Mapping of Stone Deterioration in Open-Air Sanctuaries of the Hittite Period in Anatolia
(ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER, 2021) Hatır, Mehmet Ergün; Korkanç, Mustafa; Schachner, Andreas; İnce, İsmail
The detection of deterioration in archeological heritage sites is a very time-consuming task that requires expertise. Furthermore, vision-based approaches can cause errors, considering the complex types of de-terioration that develop in different scales and forms in monuments. This problem can be solved effec-tively owing to computer vision algorithms, commonly used in different areas nowadays. This study aims to develop a model that automatically detects and maps deteriorations (biological colonization, contour scaling, crack, higher plant, impact damage, microkarst, missing part) and restoration interventions using the Mask R-CNN algorithm, which has recently come to the fore with its feature of recognizing small and large-sized objects. To this end, a total of 2460 images of Yazilikaya monuments in the Hattusa archeo-logical site, which is on the UNESCO heritage list, were gathered. In the training phase of the proposed method, it was trained in model 1 to distinguish deposit deterioration commonly observed on the surface of monuments from other anomalies. Other anomalies trained were model 2. In this phase of the models, the average precision values with high accuracy rates ranging from 89.624% to 100% were obtained for the deterioration classes. The developed algorithms were tested on 4 different rock reliefs in Yazilikaya, which were not used in the training phase. In addition, an image of the Eflatunpinar water monument, which is on the UNESCO tentative list, was used to test the model's universality. According to the test results, it was determined that the models could be successfully applied to obtain maps of deterioration and restoration interventions in monuments in different regions. (c) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 8
The Determination of Deteriorations on The Mısırlıoğlu Bridge (konya, Turkey) by Non-Destructive Techniques (ndt)
(2018) Tosunlar, Mehmet Bahadır; Hatır, Mehmet Ergün; İnce, İsmail; Bozdağ, Ali; Korkanç, Mustafa
Transportation has been one of the basic requirements of humanity since the earliest periods of civilization. One of the architectural structures designed to meet this requirement is historic stone bridges. One of the most important stages in these conservation works is the assessment of materials that constitute the structures. Non-destructive testing techniques (NDT) are widely used to obtain qualitative data and also make comparisons. In this study, it was aimed to determine deteriorations on the Mısırlıoğlu Bridge located in Sille settlement of Konya by NDT technique and to form the map from obtained values to perform conservation works. As a result of the analyses performed, considerable deteriorations in the building stones used in the abutments and arches of the structure were determined. Besides, it is detected that uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) value of the fresh samples is high (UCS: 61 MPa) while UCS values of the building stones used at the bridge decrease in the range of low and high (8-51 MPa) due to the atmospheric effects.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 6
Evaluation of Weathering Effects Due To Surface and Deep Moisture in a Roman Rock Tomb: Lukianos Monument Konya (turkey)
(UNIV AGEAN, DEPT MEDITERRANEAN STUD, 2020) İnce, İsmail; Korkanç, Mustafa; Hatır, Mehmet Ergün
Water is an integral component of direct and indirect decomposition processes that may lead to the deterioration of stone building materials in cultural heritage. Since the deterioration effects caused by water may cause irreversible problems in the whole monument, the detection of water is extremely important. Although there are many methods of moisture measurement (nuclear magnetic resonance, electrical resistance measuring, infrared thermography, radar, moisture meter) in the literature, there is no study in which deep and surface moisture values are evaluated together in monuments. For this purpose, the Lukianos Monument (Beysehir, Konya-Turkey), which was created by carving on the rock surface, was investigated for a better understanding of the causes and development of the deterioration mechanisms of cultural stone heritage using surface moisture (SM) and deep moisture (DM) meters. It was aimed to determine the behavior of surface and subsurface water in the stone material by applying both methods. For this, firstly, deep and surface moisture data were processed on orthophoto obtained from the photographs of the monument. The P-wave velocity (Vp) test was also performed to determine the deterioration effects caused by water, which is mostly present in the form of moisture in structures on the rock. According to the results obtained from the study, contour scaling type deterioration and lower P-wave velocity values were obtained in parts where low DM values were determined in response to high SM values. The development of biological colonizationwas commonly observed in the regions with high moisture (surface and deep) values.
Fariske/göktepe (karaman, Türkiye) Kaya Mezarlarındaki Bozunmaların Tahribatsız Deney Yöntemleriyle (ndt) Belirlenmesi
(2019) Korkanç, Mustafa; İnce, İsmail; Hatır, M. Ergün; Bozdağ, Ali; Tosunlar, M. Bahadır; Doğanay, Osman
Anadolu, Asya ve Avrupa kıtaları arasında yer alan ve insanlık tarihi boyunca birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış bir konumdadır. Anadolu’da kurulan bu medeniyetler, bulundukları bölgenin jeolojik özelliklerinden en iyi biçimde yararlanmışlardır. Yaşam alanlarındaki jeolojik özelliklere göre bazen yumuşak kayaya oyulmuş sığınak veya tapınak, bazen de sert/orta sert kayaya oyulmuş sonsuzluk sembolü olan kaya mezarları yapmışlardır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Isauria Bölgesi’ne ait kaya mezar sanatının özelliklerini en iyi şekilde yansıtan Fariske/Göktepe (Pharax) kaya mezarları incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak kaya mezarlarının oyulduğu kaya biriminin mineralojik-petrografik, indeks ve mekanik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra bu mezarlardaki bozulmaların tahribatsız deney yöntemleri (NDT) yardımıyla belirlenmesi ve elde edilen bu verilerin kullanılmasıyla haritalama çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Elde edilen çalışma verilerinin kullanılmasıyla koruma çalışmaları için örnek bir temel oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır.
Citation - WoS: 40
Citation - Scopus: 54
Intelligent Detection of Deterioration in Cultural Stone Heritage
(ELSEVIER, 2021) Hatır, Mehmet Ergün; İnce, İsmail; Korkanç, Mustafa
Vision-based periodic examination of the deterioration of stone monuments over time is labour and time intensive. Especially, in cases involving large-scale immovable cultural heritage, the workforce is considerably increased, along with the possibility of occurrence of errors. Any misdiagnoses in the deterioration may cause irreversible structural problems in monuments, and thus, it is necessary to develop alternative examination methods. Computer-vision methods represent an effective solution to eliminate both human errors and difficulties in the field. Therefore, this study aims to adopt the Mask R-CNN algorithm, which is a computer-vision method, to detect and map the deteriorations observed in the Gumus, ler archaeological site and monastery (cracks, discontinuities, contour scaling, missing parts, biological colonization, presence of higher plants, de-posits, efflorescence, and loss of fresco). First, 1740 images were collected from the site, and the model was trained by labelling the distortions in these images according to their types. Later, the model was tested on four outdoor and two indoor views. The developed model achieved an average precision ranging between 91.591% and 100%, and the mean average precision was 98.186%. These results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can enable mapping to promptly and automatically detect the deterioration in large monuments.
Citation - WoS: 27
Citation - Scopus: 26
Interpreting Sulfated Crusts on Natural Building Stones Using Sulfur Contour Maps and Infrared Thermography
(SPRINGER, 2019) Korkanç, Mustafa; Hüseyinca, Mehmet Yavuz; Hatır, Mehmet Ergün; Tosunlar, Mehmet Bahadır; Bozdağ, Ali; Özen, Latif; İnce, İsmail
In this study, the effect of sulfation due to air pollution in the portals of the Ince Minareli Madrasa built of pyroclastic rocks and the Karatay Madrasas (Konya, Turkey) built of marble was investigated. Since the sulfur element in sulfate salts is represented as sulfate, the sulfur contour maps (SCM), obtained by transferring the portable X-ray fluorescence measurements onto the orthophotographs, also show the sulfated crust formation, distribution and anomaly regions on the portal surfaces. Additionally, the anomaly regions originating from the difference in thermal conduction between the sulfated crusts and portal surfaces on thermal camera images were determined, and they were observed to be compatible with the anomaly regions on SCM. However, the size of this correlation depends on the chemistry of the building stone and the thickness of the sulfated crusts. Then, it was determined that the anomaly regions on SCM were distributed in relation to the washing out of sulfated crusts by rainfall and capillary moisture content. Accordingly, portal surfaces were divided into three as the sheltered, washing and capillary regions. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the sulfation effect due to air pollution on historical building surfaces which have appropriate rock chemistry can be determined by non-destructive testing methods like using the SCM supported by infrared thermography. The fact that the method is simple and repeatable and is easily applicable to other buildings was considered as the most important success of the method.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 7
Non-Destructive Test Investigations on the Deterioration of Roman Mausoleum in Karadag Central Anatolia, Turkey
(UNIV AGEAN, DEPT MEDITERRANEAN STUD, 2020) Tosunlar, Mehmet Bahadır; Beycan, Arife Deniz Oktaç; Korkanç, Mustafa
The Binbirkilise region has maintained its existence as an important religious and cultural center from the Hittites to the last period of the Eastern Roman Empire. There are many monuments in the region dating back to these periods. Among the region monuments, a Roman mausoleum draws attention along with its construction system and original form. This mausoleum was recently (2015) completely unearthed in the archaeological excavations carried out by the archaeologists of the Karaman Museum. Since then serious deterioration problems started to occur of atmospheric, biological and human origin. Several non destructive techniques (NDT) were applied and relevant measurements undertaken such as; temperature (ST), surface moisture (SM), Schmidt hammer rebound (SHR), and P-wave velocity (Vp) tests, 3D photogrammetry, thin sections, polarizing microscope, XRF analyses, XRD, mainly used to determine the deterioration conditions of building stones on the surface. The NDM innovative approach contributed to the understanding of the deterioration dynamics. It has been determined that a white crust formation on the parts of the monument unearthed by excavations and this crust formation affects the deterioration process of the building stones.
Tyana Antik Kentinin (kemerhisar, Niğde) Jeolojik Jeoteknik Özellikleri
(Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2019) İnce, İsmail; Korkanç, Mustafa; Soylu, Ali Can