Gungor, Murat Alparslan2025-10-102025-10-1020252076-3417https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810176https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13091/10853Surface defects in hot-rolled steel strip alter the material's properties and degrade its overall quality. Especially in real production environments, due to time sensitivity, lightweight Convolutional Neural Network models are suitable for inspecting these defects. However, in real-time applications, the acquired images are subjected to various degradations, including noise, motion blur, and non-uniform illumination. The performance of lightweight CNN models on degraded images is crucial, as improved performance on such images reduces the reliance on preprocessing techniques for image enhancement. Thus, this study focuses on analyzing pre-trained lightweight CNN models for surface defect classification in hot-rolled steel strips under degradation conditions. Six state-of-the-art lightweight CNN architectures-MobileNet-V1, MobileNet-V2, MobileNet-V3, NasNetMobile, ShuffleNet V2 and EfficientNet-B0-are evaluated. Performance is assessed using standard classification metrics. The results indicate that MobileNet-V1 is the most effective model among those used in this study. Additionally, a new performance metric is proposed in this study. Using this metric, the misclassification distribution is evaluated for concentration versus homogeneity, thereby facilitating the identification of areas for model improvement. The proposed metric demonstrates that the MobileNet-V1 exhibits good performance under both low and high degradation conditions in terms of misclassification robustness.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessConvolutional Neural NetworkSteel Surface Defect ClassificationDegraded ImageMisclassification AnalysisArticle10.3390/app151810176