Kilincarslan, EnesKilincarslan, Sena KabaveGul, M. SalihCetin, M. HuseyinErdogdu, Ahmet Emrah2025-08-102025-08-1020250301-679X1879-2464https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110997In this study, the effects of micro- and nanoscale hybrid reinforcements in composite materials were investigated by mechanical, thermal, and tribological tests. In this direction, granulated blast furnace slag, an industrial byproduct, was prepared in microparticle form, and MXene nanoparticles with 2-dimensional and layered structures were synthesized. Characterization processes of both particles were carried out by morphological and chemical analyses. As a result of mechanical characterization, the highest values in hardness and tensile tests were reached with the granulated blast furnace slag/MXene hybrid composite. But tensile strength and elongation decreased due to hybrid reinforcement. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the glass transition temperature decreased with granulated blast furnace slag and increased again with MXene. According to thermogravimetric analysis data, hybrid reinforcement increased thermal stability and reduced mass loss. As a result of tribological experiments, the lowest friction coefficient, volume loss, and surface roughness values were reached with the granulated blast furnace slag/MXene hybrid composite. 2-dimensional profilometer, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis supported these results. The significance of the wear results was statistically verified by an ANOVA test. Finally, the materials were evaluated with a holistic approach in terms of cost, industrial applicability, and sustainability criteria. Some recommendations for future studies were presented.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessHybrid CompositesPA6SlagMXeneGreen ProductionArticle10.1016/j.triboint.2025.1109972-s2.0-105010960680