Çetınkaya, Z.2023-12-092023-12-0920231047-48381543-1851https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-06156-zhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13091/4874For the first time, flash sintering (FS), an economical, fast, and environmentally friendly process, was conducted and suggested for reusing copper converter slag (CCS) to produce multi-phase ceramics under the 12.5 V/mm, 25 V/mm, 50 V/mm, and 75 V/mm. The effect of the electric field used for FS on grain growth, hardness, and density of CSS was investigated. FS was faster and employed at lower temperatures (431.3°C) compared with the conventional processes (1250°C). The increment of applied voltage during FS significantly improved the density of the CCS samples along with impinged grain growth. FS, completed in approximately 30–60 s after the current draw, is observed through the sample. Besides, the superior hardness and density values of the CCS pellets are acquired when the electric field is 50 V/mm. FS also triggers the formation of new phases, which is not the case for conventional sintering. Overall, FS can be used as a green processing by reducing sintering time and temperature in this materials system. © 2023, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessCopperElectric fieldsHardnessSinteringSlagsApplied voltagesCopper converter slagCurrent drawEnvironmentally friendly processFlash sinteringGrain densityGrain hardnessHardness valuesLows-temperaturesSintering methodsGrain growthArticle10.1007/s11837-023-06156-z2-s2.0-85174170218